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- support for a dna data bank
- A DNA Bank Is Good For All
-
- Imagine that a convicted child molester is released from jail and
- that he is now traveling around the country looking for work. One day
- this criminal returns to his old ways and he attacks a young child whose
- dead body is found in a deserted field the following day. The only trace
- of evidence at the crime scene is a semen specimen on the boys clothes.
- Now this specimen could be useful if the police tracked down, and arrested
- the suspect, and then took a blood sample of his that matched the crime
- scene specimen. But, since no other clues are found this criminal was
- never arrested and for the next couple years he repeated this act many
- more times. It is a shame that innocent children had to die because of
- this sick man, and most people would agree criminals like this should be
- stopped at any cost. Now just think what would have happened had their
- been a DNA data bank that contained this man To understand why a DNA
- data bank is necessary it is important to know exactly what DNA is.
- Firstly, there are cells which makes up all organisms and inside these
- cells are chromosomes. Chromosomes, which are made up of DNA, contain all
- the hereditary information that an individual has. Now this DNA
- (Deoxyribonucleic acid) which makes up these chromosomes simply contains
- the blueprints of the organism. It is DNA which determines what, where,
- and when to make a certain protein, and it basically is the storage center
- for information in almost all creatures. This knowledge of DNA is
- important because now it is possible to show the correlation between DNA
- and forensic technology.
- There are many reasons why DNA is such a useful tool for law
- enforcement. One important feature of DNA, relates to the fact that all
- individuals have unique DNA, is that each cell in an organism has
- identical DNA. Whether it is found in in skin cells, hair cells, semen
- cells, or blood cells the DNA found in one cell is identical to the DNA
- found in all other cells in the body Another extremely crucial
- characteristic of DNA is that everyone has their own unique DNA. Since
- humans in general are basically alike in that we all have legs, arms,
- hearts brain it is obvious that most DNA is identical. The key though to
- identifying individuals through DNA is not through the strands of DNA that
- have a known function, rather it is the DNA that has no known function.
- Inside these strands of DNA with no known function, called Junk DNA, are
- different repetitive DNA patterns which are unique from person to person.
- This is why DNA can always, be traced back to one person (with the
- exception of identical twins).
- There are two tests for analyzing DNA for forensic use, Restriction
- Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
- The RFLP test consists of taking a sample of body tissue which contains
- DNA. After locating the DNA thousands of different combinations of DNA
- repeats called Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) are examined.
- These VNTR There are a great number of reasons to have a DNA data
- bank, but first it is important to accurately describe the requirements
- for this DNA data bank. Only convicted criminals would be entered into
- the bank. Also, only Junk DNA would be kept as data, DNA that contains
- no personal or hereditary information. One advantage to a data bank will
- be the quick access to information. Prosecutors are going to be able to
- match the DNA collected at a crime scene with DNA that has already been
- collected in the bank and this will allow them to apply for a warrant
- faster. Take the case of Jean Ann Broderick. In 1991 she was found
- murdered and raped in her Minnesota apartment. There were no witnesses or
- evidence that led to any one suspect. The only lead at the crime scene
- was a semen stain on the victim. Minnesota at this time was one of the
- few states that had and used a DNA data bank of convicted criminals, so
- the Minnesota authorities checked their sample DNA with the DNA data bank
- and found a match that linked the DNA with Martin Perez, a 37 year old
- illegal alien. After Perez was identified by the DNA, he was also
- identified by witnesses, who saw him at Jean Ann Broderick Another
- advantage of having a DNA data bank is that it is much easier to identify
- repeat offenders. Most sexual offenders commit a series of crimes, so
- the importance of a DNA data bank can obviously be seen. The DNA
- specimen left at the crime scene can be used to identify a suspect before
- other similar crimes are convicted. A situation like this occured in
- 1994 in Manhattan, New York, when three rapes occured. Anthony Monagas
- had lived in Florida in the early 1980 One more significant use of DNA
- will be to eliminate suspects and avoid false arrests. Attorney
- General, Janet Reno may have put it best "DNA is a powerful tool for
- convicting the guilty, but today Many people argue against the idea
- of a DNA data base. They claim that DNA carries the genetic blueprints
- of people and that with the completion of the Human Genome Project DNA
- will be able to reveal all the personal information about an individual.
- DNA can say who the carriers are for diseases, or the measurements of one
- intelligence, and this is an invasion of privacy. These results can be
- sold to insurance companies or other agencies that can hold an individuals
- genetic information against their ownselves. Now as mentioned beforeonly
- Junk DNA, which contains information that has no known use, will be used.
- Next, the actual DNA sample does not have to be kept only the X-ray film,
- and testing strips which can all be kept on computers. The government in
- an effort to make sure all DNA data basing is up to standard designed the
- DNA Identification Act to govern both the analysis and reporting of DNA
- forensic results, as well as providing penalties for the disclosure of DNA
- information. Grants will be given out over the next five years to
- forensic laboratories that comply with governmental standards, participate
- in external proficency testing and limit access to DNA information.
- Under this type of system DNA information is no more dangerous than actual
- fingerprints.
- Another argument that many people have about DNA is the claim that
- DNA is unreliable. There is a high chance of getting either incorrect
- results, or fudged results because of the small room for error and the
- tampering that can be done. Yes there is a chance of error but results
- have shown that DNA is 99% accurate. Nothing is perfect and a system
- cannot be much more efficient than this. Tampering with evidence is not
- unique to DNA; evidence of any sort can be tampered with. DNA does not
- determine guilt, it is just evidence and even if DNA does match it does
- not mean that this is a definite sentence of guilt. Take the O.J. Simpson
- case. Massive DNA evidence was compiled that all pointed to O.J., but
- since there was suspicion of tampering by the L.A.P.D. he was not
- convicted of the crime. DNA evidence can be unreliable, but under the
- legal system unreliable evidence probably won By weighing up the
- arguments for a DNA data bank it is clear that there should be a DNA data
- bank for all convicted criminals. Currently the existence of a DNA bank
- for convicted criminals is crucial to the crime fighting business. Over
- 30 thirty states have their own DNA databases and the FBI has a national
- database named Combined DNA Index System(CODIS), and it includes the DNA
- databases of all states that currently have one. The advantages of a DNA
- data base are overwhelming: The instant access to information can help in
- the quick apprehension of a criminal, it is much easier to identify repeat
- offenders in order to prevent future crimes, and the data base can also
- effectively eliminate suspects and end false arrests. All of society
- greatly benefits from a DNA database of convicted criminals. No one
- absolutely knows how effective a DNA data base will be against crime in
- the future, but presently it fights crime like nothing else.
-
-
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 1. Javurek, Peter, "Canada2. Frank, Laura, "Fingerprints from
- DNA not always on money" USA TODAY 7-15-94
- 3. Levy, Harlan, AND THE BLOOD CRIED OUT, Basic Books, 1996
- 4. Maharaj, Davan, "DNA Tests Becoming The Key out of Prison in
- Orange County" Los Angeles Times, 6-22-96
- 5. DOJ RELEASES STUDY ON VALUE OF DNA TESTING TO ESTABLISH
- INNOCENCE; AWARDS $8.75 MILL www.elibrary.com/getdoc.cgi?id=5322482776.
- 6. Billings, Paul, DNA ON TRIAL, 1995
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